Piyush Marmat

Milestones in Pulsar Literature

I acknowledge Prof. Alessandro Ridolfi for inspiring me to make this page.

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YearCategoryLogs
1851 Polarization
Stokes Parameters
Parameters to describe the polarization state of light
Reference: Stokes (1851)
1865 Radio Emission Mechanism
Electromagnetic field theory
Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light and predicted electromagnetic-wave propagation. Pulsar radio emission, magnetospheric electrodynamics and propagation theory ultimately rest on this framework.
Reference: Maxwell (1865)
1866 Polarization
PSR/IEEE
PSR/IEEE definitions of the Stokes parameters.
Reference: Kraus (1866)
1884 Radio Emission Mechanism
Poynting flux and electromagnetic energy transport
Poynting identified the electromagnetic energy-flux vector. It is used directly in pulsar spin-down power, magnetospheric energy flow, pulsar winds and electromagnetic torque calculations.
Reference: Poynting (1884)
1887-1888 Radio Emission Mechanism
Experimental production and detection of radio waves
Hertz experimentally verified Maxwellian electromagnetic waves and demonstrated their reflection, refraction and polarization. This supplied the experimental foundation of radio communication and radio astronomy.
1897 Radio Emission Mechanism
Discovery and characterization of the electron
Thomson identified a universal negatively charged particle. Electrons and positrons are the basic constituents of pulsar magnetospheric pair plasma and the ionized interstellar medium.
Reference: Thomson (1897)
1897-1898 Radio Emission Mechanism
Radiation from accelerated charges
Larmor derived the power radiated by an accelerating charge. The result is ancestral to curvature, cyclotron and synchrotron radiation treatments used throughout pulsar astrophysics.
1901 Radio Emission Mechanism
Quantum radiation law
Planck derived the blackbody spectrum using quantized energy elements. The result underlies neutron-star thermal emission, brightness-temperature concepts and photon-based radiation physics.
Reference: Planck (1901)
1905 Gravity Tests
Special relativity
Einstein established relativistic kinematics. Relativistic beaming, aberration, Doppler effects, particle motion and timing transformations are indispensable in pulsar astronomy.
Reference: Einstein (1905)
1915 Gravity Tests
General Relativity
Einstein formulated the gravitational field equations. General relativity governs neutron-star structure and enables pulsar tests involving periastron advance, gravitational redshift, Shapiro delay and orbital decay.
1919 Gravity Tests
First confirmation of GR
Einstein's theory of gravity
Reference: Eddington (1919)
1926 Formation
Fermi-Dirac statistics
Fermi and Dirac developed quantum statistics for identical fermions. Degeneracy pressure and dense fermionic matter are fundamental to white dwarfs, neutron stars and their equations of state.
1928, 1949 Receivers & Backends
Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem
Theorem that states that a signal that contains a maximum frequency $f$ must be sampled at the frequency $2 f$ in order not to
lose information
1928 Radio Emission Mechanism
Collective plasma oscillations
Langmuir and Tonks developed the collective description of oscillations in ionized gases. Plasma frequency, screening and collective modes remain central to pulsar magnetospheres, coherent-emission models and propagation.
1929, 1931, 1935 Formation
Chandrasekhar Limit
Maximum mass that a WD can have
1932 Formation
Discovery of the neutron
Chadwick established the neutron as a fundamental particle. This made neutron stars physically plausible and provided the constituent particle implied by their name.
Reference: Chadwick (1932)
1933 Records
Birth of radio astronomy
Jansky identified extraterrestrial radio emission from the direction of the Galactic centre. This opened the observing domain in which pulsars would later be discovered.
Reference: Jansky (1933)
1934 Formation
Neutron stars proposed as supernova remnants
Baade and Zwicky explicitly proposed that supernovae produce neutron stars. This was the first direct astrophysical prediction of the objects later identified observationally as pulsars.
1939, 2001, 2013 Formation
Structure of the NS
Oppenheimer and Volkoff derived hydrostatic equilibrium for a relativistic star made of neutron matter. The resulting TOV framework remains the standard basis of neutron-star mass-radius calculations.
1941 Polarization
Jones Calculus
1942 Radio Emission Mechanism
Alfven waves and magnetohydrodynamics
Alfven introduced waves carried by magnetic tension in conducting plasma. MHD and Alfvenic disturbances are fundamental to pulsar magnetospheres, winds, current systems and nebulae.
Reference: Alfven (1942)
1946 Receivers & Backends
Microwave radiometer and radiometer sensitivity
Dicke developed switched microwave radiometry and quantified receiver-noise sensitivity. The radiometer equation remains basic to pulsar detectability, telescope sensitivity and observing-time estimates.
Reference: Dicke (1946)
1946 Receivers & Backends
Radio interferometry
Ryle and Vonberg demonstrated astronomical radio interferometry. Its descendants provide pulsar positions, proper motions, parallaxes, scattering images and associations with nebulae or binaries.
1948 Receivers & Backends
Information theory and noisy communication
Shannon formalized information, bandwidth and communication through noise. Digital sampling, channelization, data compression and signal-detection concepts used in pulsar backends descend from this work.
Reference: Shannon (1948)
1949 Radio Emission Mechanism
Classical synchrotron-radiation theory
Schwinger provided a systematic relativistic treatment of radiation from electrons in magnetic fields. Synchrotron emission is central to pulsar wind nebulae and important in high-energy magnetospheric models.
Reference: Schwinger (1949)
1951 ISM & Galaxy
Detection of Galactic 21-cm hydrogen emission
Radio detection of the neutral-hydrogen line enabled mapping of Galactic gas and kinematics. H I absorption and emission remain useful for constraining pulsar distances and line-of-sight environments.
1956 Radio Emission Mechanism
Intensity interferometry and radiation coherence
Hanbury Brown and Twiss demonstrated measurable intensity correlations in light. Their work established modern second-order coherence concepts relevant to fluctuating radiation, photon statistics and some pulsar coherence studies.
1957 Telescopes
Lovell

Size: 76 m

Country: England

Visibility: -37, +90 deg

Reference: Lovell Telescope
1961 Gravity Tests
Brans-Dicke
Alternative theory of Gravity
1961 Telescopes
Parkes

Size: 64 m

Country: Australia

Visibility: -90, +57 deg

Receivers: 13-beam L-band
H-OH (5.7 - 7.7 GHz)
10-50cm

Pulsar Backends: DFB4
CASPSR
HIPSR/BPSR

1962 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Opening of extrasolar X-ray astronomy
Giacconi and collaborators detected Scorpius X-1 and the cosmic X-ray background. X-ray astronomy later became essential for rotation-powered pulsars, accreting pulsars, magnetars and neutron-star thermal emission.
1963 Telescopes
Arecibo

Size: 305 m

Country: Puerto Rico

Visibility: +0, +38 deg

Receivers: 327MHz (312 - 342 MHz)
430MHz (422 - 442 MHz)
L-wide (1.15 - 1.73 GHz)
7-beam ALFA (1.22 - 1.52 GHz)
S-low (1.8 - 3.1 GHz)
C (3.85 - 6.0 GHz)

Pulsar Backends: Mock Spectrometers
PUPPI
WAPPs

1964, 1986 Timing
Shapiro delay
1964 Search
Interplanetary scintillation of compact radio sources
Hewish, Scott and Wills established interplanetary scintillation as a probe of compact radio sources. The Cambridge scintillation survey and its chart records directly created the observational route to pulsar discovery.
1965 Search
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
1966, 2005, 2009 Polarization
RM Synthesis
1967 Formation
Rotating magnetized neutron star as an energy source
Pacini proposed that a rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron star could power the Crab Nebula. This was the key theoretical precursor immediately before pulsars were recognized.
Reference: Pacini (1967)
1967 Records
First pulsar signal detected
Jocelyn Bell Burnell identified the first regularly pulsing celestial radio source in Cambridge interplanetary-scintillation records in August 1967. It established the observational existence of pulsars; the discovery paper was published in 1968.
1968 ISM & Galaxy
Thin Screen Model
Simplest model to explain observed scattering and scintillation in pulsars
Reference: Scheuer (1968)
1968 Formation
Pulsars as neutron stars
Gold and Pacini independently argued that pulsars are rotating neutron stars, establishing the physical interpretation of pulsars soon after their discovery.
1968 Records
First Pulsar Discovered
Pulsar PSR B1919+21
1969, 2009, 2017 Search
FFA
Fast Folding Algorithm
1969, 1970 Polarization
RVM
Rotating Vector Model
1969, 2004 Radio Emission Mechanism
Pulsar Electrodynamics
1969 Records
Crab Pulsar discovered
The Crab Pulsar, PSR B0531+21, was discovered and strongly linked pulsars to supernova remnants.
1970 Telescopes
Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT)
530 m x 30 m cylindrical parabolic radio telescope near Ooty, India, operated by NCRA-TIFR; a prominent low-frequency Indian facility used for pulsar and heliospheric studies.
1970, 1994 Timing
Shklovskii Effect
Spin and orbital period change due to the pulsar transverse velocity
1970, 1978 Radio Emission Mechanism
Radius-to-frequency mapping
Pulse width and the separation of profile components systematically increase at lower observing frequencies. Komesaroff proposed this as a consequence of higher-frequency emission being produced closer to the neutron-star surface than lower-frequency emission; this became known as radius-to-frequency mapping.
1971 Surveys
L&V - Molonglo
A search of the galactic plane for high dispersion pulsars (31 new pulsars)
1971 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
First X-ray pulsar
Cen X-3 was discovered as an X-ray pulsar, showing that pulsars can emit strongly at X-ray wavelengths.
1972, 2013 Formation
Spin-up line
Shortest period that can be reached by spin-up due to accretion at the Eddington limit onto a NS
1972 Telescopes
Effelsberg

Size: 100 m

Country: Germany

Visibility: -31, +90 deg

Receivers: Single Pixel L-band (1.3 - 1.8 GHz)
7-beam L-band (18 - 26.5 GHz)
C-band (18 - 26.5 GHz)
C+ (18 - 26.5 GHz)
UBB (1.2 - 2.7 GHz)

Pulsar Backends: PSRFBs
Asterix
ROACH-2

1973 Surveys
Davies - Jodrell Bank
The galactic distribution of pulsars (39 new pulsars)
1973 Radio Emission Mechanism
Low-frequency spectral turnovers in pulsars
Reference: Sieber (1973)
1974, 1975, 1976 Polarization
OPMs
Orthogonal Polarization Modes
1976 Telescopes
Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
Decametre-wave radio observatory near Bengaluru, India, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics and Raman Research Institute; includes the GEETEE low-frequency array.
1974, 1975, 1993 Records
First Binary Pulsar Discovered
Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse discovered PSR B1913+16, the first binary pulsar. Its orbital decay provided indirect evidence for gravitational waves, and the discovery led to the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Reference: Hulse & Taylor (1975), Nobel Prize (1993)
1974 Telescopes
WSRT
Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, located near Westerbork, The Netherlands
1975 Surveys
H&T Arecibo
A deep sample of new pulsars and their spatial extent in the Galaxy (40 new pulsars)
1975, 2015 Globular Clusters
X-ray Binaries in GCs
Pulsars in Globular Clusters with the SKA
1975 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Ruderman-Sutherland polar gap model
The Ruderman-Sutherland model introduced an inner polar gap above the neutron-star magnetic pole, where intense electric fields accelerate particles to ultra-relativistic speeds; it became a foundational framework for coherent radio emission and drifting subpulses.
1975 Receivers & Backends
Coherent dedispersion
Technique to completely remove the intra-channel dispersive smearing
1976 Timing
Binary Model BT
Simple Keplerian model of the orbit
1977 Radio Emission Mechanism
Interpulse alternative hypothesis
Manchester and Lyne proposed that interpulses can represent emission from the extreme edges of a single wide beam.
1978 Surveys
MOLONGLO-2
The Second Molonglo pulsar survey
1979 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Space-charge-limited flow polar cap model
The SCLF polar-cap model assumes charges freely escape the stellar surface; acceleration occurs because the relativistic plasma flow cannot adjust its charge density quickly enough to match the changing geometry of curved magnetic field lines.
1982, 1996, 2013 Formation
Maximum allowed NS mass
2.9 ${M}_\odot$
1982, 1991, 2002 Formation
Recycling Model
How MSPs form
1982 Records
First Millisecond Pulsar Discovered
PSR B1937+21, the first millisecond pulsar, has a rotation period of about 1.6 ms.
1983 Timing
Hellings & Downs curve
Prediction of the expected cross-correlation of the residuals of pulsars in various sky positions
1983, 1993 Radio Emission Mechanism
Pulsar Death Lines and Death Valley
I - Morphological taxonomy
II - On the Spectral Behavior of Component Width
1983 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Original slot gap model
The original slot gap model recognized that near the edge of the open field-line region the accelerating potential drops to zero, delaying pair production to higher altitudes and leaving a narrow unscreened acceleration slot.
Reference: Arons (1983)
1983 Records
First extragalactic pulsar
PSR B0529-66 was discovered in the Large Magellanic Cloud, extending pulsar studies beyond the Milky Way.
1984 Search
Radiometer Equation
Equation that describes the telescope sensitivity
1985, 2006 Software
TEMPO2
Timing model and precision estimates; pulsar timing package.
1986 Timing
Binary Model DD
Theory-independent binary model (good for testing theories of gravity)
1986, 1991, 1992 Timing
General Timing Models
1986, 1990, 1993, 2002, 2003, 2011 Radio Emission Mechanism
Toward an Empirical Theory of Pulsar Emission
III - Mode changing, drifting subpulses, and pulse nulling
IV - Geometry of the core emission region
V - On the circular polarization in pulsar radiation
VI - The geometry of the conal emission region
VII - On the Spectral Behavior of Conal Beam Radii and Emission Heights
VIII - Subbeam Circulation and the Polarization-Modal Structure of Conal Beams
IX - On the Peculiar Properties and Geometric Regularity of Lyne and Manchester's "Partial Cone" Pulsars
1986 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Classic outer gap model
The classic outer gap model places a vacuum gap near the null charge surface, sustained by gamma-ray photon collisions rather than strong magnetic fields.
1987 Records
First Radio Pulsar in a Globular Cluster Discovered Pulsar PSR B1821-24A in M28
1987 Telescopes
IRAM 30-m
The IRAM 30-m millimeter radio telescope located on Pico Veleta, near Granada, Spain

Size: 30 m

Country: Spain

Visibility: -53, +90 deg

Receivers: EMIR E0 (73 - 117 GHz)
EMIR E1 (125 - 184 GHz)
EMIR E2 (202 - 274 GHz)
EMIR E3 (277 - 350 GHz)

Pulsar Backends: ROACH2

1988 Receivers & Backends
XCOR (?)
Arecibo Backend
Reference: Cordes (1988)
1989 Software
TEMPO
Pulsar timing package.
1990, 1997 Records
Most Polarized Pulsar Known
PSR B1929+10
1991 Search
Acceleration search
On the detectability of pulsars in close binary systems
1991, 2017 Telescopes
GMRT / uGMRT
Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope near Pune, India; the legacy GMRT system was upgraded into uGMRT with wideband receivers and digital backends.
1992 Timing
FFTFIT
Fourier-domain based profile cross-correlation for ToA extraction
Reference: Taylor (1992)
1992 Gravity Tests
TEVES (?)
Tensor-multi-scalar theories of gravitation
1992 Records
First Magnetar Discovered
1992, 1994 Records
First pulsar planetary system
The B1257+12 planetary system, discovered by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail at Arecibo from observations made in 1990, contains two Earth-mass planets and one lunar-mass planet. It was the first extrasolar planetary system to be discovered.
1992 Receivers & Backends
Princeton Mark III
Arecibo Backend
1993, 2014 Timing
2D-template matching
1993 Radio Emission Mechanism
Two-Dimensional Structure of Pulsar Beams
1993 Records
Brightest and Closest Millisecond Pulsar Known
PSR J0437-4715
1993, 2003 Records
First pulsar triple system
B1620-26 is a pulsar, white dwarf, and Jupiter-mass planet system identified by Stephen Thorsett and collaborators in the globular cluster M4, highlighting the rich variety of evolutionary scenarios possible in globular clusters.
1993 Databases & Data Releases
Princeton Pulsar Catalogue
Historical catalogue of 558 pulsars and their measured parameters.
1995 Timing
Annual and Orbital Parallaxes
Reference: Kopeikin (1995)
1995, 1996 Timing
Binary Model DDK
1996 Timing
Proper Motion and $\dot{x}$
Reference: Kopeikin (1996)
1996 Polarization
IAU/IEEE
IAU/IEEE definitions of the Stokes parameters.
1996 Surveys
PADSS
The Princeton-Arecibo Declination-Strip Survey
1996, 1998 Surveys
PSPS
The Parkes Southern Pulsar Survey
1996 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Extended 3D outer gap model
The extended outer gap model added special-relativistic geometry and radiation-reaction limits to reproduce wide, double-peaked gamma-ray pulse profiles.
Reference: Romani (1996)
1996 Receivers & Backends
PMB
Parkes Multi-beam receiver
1996 Receivers & Backends
EPOS
Effelsberg Backend
Reference: Jessner (1996)
1996 Databases & Data Releases
EPN Database of Pulsar Profiles
Standardised integrated pulse profiles, downloadable in PSRFITS, text, and original formats.
1997 Surveys
GBNSS
The Green Bank Northern Sky Survey for Fast Pulsar
1997 Radio Emission Mechanism
Origin of pulsar radio emission
I - High frequency data.
1997 Receivers & Backends
ABPP
Arecibo Backend
1997 Receivers & Backends
BCPMs
GBT Backend
1997 Receivers & Backends
CBR
Arecibo Backend
1997 Receivers & Backends
EBPP
Effelsberg Backend
1997 Receivers & Backends
Penn State Pulsar Machine (PSPM)
Arecibo Backend
Reference: Cadwell (1997)
1998 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
First Accreting Millisecond Pulsar (AMXP)
1998, 2000 Radio Emission Mechanism
Spectrum of radio emission / Spectral indices
Reference: Kramer et al. (1998), Toscano et al. (1998), Maron et al. (2000)
1998, 1999, 2015 Radio Emission Mechanism
The Characteristics of Millisecond Pulsar Emission
X - On the Precursor and Postcursor Emission
XI - Understanding the Orientations of Pulsar Radiation and Supernova "Kicks"
I - Spectra, Pulse Shapes, and the Beaming Fraction
II - Polarimetry
III - From Low to High Frequencies
1998 Planetary Ephemerides
DE405
Solar System Ephemeris
Reference: Standish (1998)
1999 Formation
Formation of Pulsars - He-WD systems
2000 Polarization
Polarimetric Invariant Profile
Reference: Britton (2000)
2000, 2011, 2012 Formation
Formation of Pulsars - CO-WD systems
2000 Receivers & Backends
Princeton Mark IV
Arecibo Backend
2000 Receivers & Backends
WAPP
Arecibo Backend
2001 Timing
Binary Model ELL1
Simple Keplerian model suitable for very low eccentricities
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 Surveys
PMPS
The Parkes Multibeam Pulsar Survey
2001, 2006 Records
Extra-Galactic Pulsars
Pulsars discovered in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds
2001 Software
PRESTO
Pulsar searching package; described in Scott Ransom's PhD thesis.
2001 Software
SIGPROC
Time-domain pulsar searching package.
2002, 2003 Search
Phase-modulation binary Searching
Sideband searching and 10% rule in the constant acceleration approximation
2002 ISM & Galaxy
NE2001
Electron Density model of the Milky Way
2002 Radio Emission Mechanism
Structure of pulsar beams: Conal versus patchy
2002 Receivers & Backends
PuMa-I
Westerbork Backend
2003 Surveys
A430IGS
Arecibo 430 MHz Intermediate Galactic Latitude Survey
2003 Formation
Supernova Explosion
How NS form
2003 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Relativistic slot gap model
This slot gap model includes general-relativistic frame dragging, which strengthens the accelerating electric fields at high altitudes.
2003 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Two-pole caustic model
The TPC model treats high-energy emission as originating from thin ribbons along the last open magnetic field lines, extending from the neutron-star surface to the light cylinder at both magnetic poles.
2003, 2004, 2006 Records
Double Pulsar
PSR J0737-3039A/B, discovered in 2003, consists of a 22.7 ms pulsar in orbit around a 2.77 s pulsar. It is the first double neutron-star binary in which both components have been observed as radio pulsars, and it provides a unique laboratory for testing general relativity.
2003, 2007 Receivers & Backends
CPSR2
Parkes Backend
2004 Polarization
Measurement Equation Modeling (MEM)
Calibration method based on multiple observations of a reference pulsar taken at many HA's
2004 ISM & Galaxy
Scattering Timescale
Empirical relation between DM and scattering timescale, as a function of frequency
2004 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Annular gap model
The annular gap and inner annular gap models place acceleration in an annular region between the open field lines and the null charge surface, allowing geometries that can explain complex multi-peaked gamma-ray light curves.
2004, 2009 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Pair-starved polar cap model
The PSPC model applies to older or lower-energy pulsars where particles can be accelerated, but the magnetic field is too weak to trigger a screening cascade of electron-positron pairs, leaving the open volume starved and accelerating.
2004 Receivers & Backends
PSRFITS formats
Flexible Image Transport System for Pulsar Observations
2004, 2012 Software
PSRCHIVE
Pulsar archive data reduction and analysis package.
2005, 2008, 2013 Globular Clusters
Reviews on Pulsars in GC
Pulsars in Globular Clusters
Twenty Years of Searching for (and Finding) Globular Cluster Pulsars
The pulsar population in Globular Clusters and in the Galaxy
2005 Receivers & Backends
Spigot
GBT Backend
2005 Databases & Data Releases
ATNF Pulsar Catalogue / PSRCAT
Positions, spin parameters, binary parameters, distances, and bibliographic references for published pulsars.
2006 Polarization
Matrix Template Matching (MTM)
Technique that uses the full polarimetric information to extract TOAs. Can also be used to calibrate data.
2006, 2013, 2018, 2019 Surveys
HTRU-N
The High Time Resolution Survey - North
2006, 2009, 2014, 2015 Surveys
PALFA
Arecibo Pulsar Survey Using ALFA
2006, 2010, 2011, 2015 Surveys
PH
The Parkes High Latitude Pulsar Survey
2006 Gravity Tests
Most stringent test of GR
Test with the Double Pulsar
2006 Records
Fastest Pulsar Known
Eclipsing binary pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad in Terzan 5 (spin frequency of 716 Hz)
2006 Records
First Magnetar Visible in Radio Discovered
2006 Records
First Rotating Radio Transient
2006 Databases & Data Releases
Jodrell Bank Pulsar Glitch Catalogue
Measured glitches, epochs, and changes in spin frequency and spin-down rate.
2006, 2007 Surveys
Single-pulse phenomenology survey
Pioneering survey and research on single-pulse phenomenology, including drifting, nulling and modulation behaviour in radio pulsars.
2007, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Timing
DM variations
2007, 2011, 2016 Radio Emission Mechanism
GHz spectral turnovers in pulsars
2007 Receivers & Backends
GASP / ASP
GBT / Arecibo Astronomical Signal Processor
Reference: Demorest (2007)
2007 Software
PSRSALSA
Suite of algorithms for statistical analysis, polarimetry, single pulses, and fluctuation spectra.
2008 Receivers & Backends
GUPPI / PUPPI
GBT / Arecibo Ultimate Pulsar Processing Instrument
2008 Receivers & Backends
PuMa-II
Westerbork Backend
2009 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
LAT
Fermi Large Area Telescope instrument
2009, 2011 Telescopes
FAST
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope located in China
2009 Software
TEMPO_NEST
Bayesian pulsar timing and stochastic-noise analysis using TEMPO2 and MultiNest.
2009 Databases & Data Releases
RRATalog
Published rotating radio transients and measured source properties.
2009 Planetary Ephemerides
DE421
Solar System Ephemeris
2010, 2013 Search
Detectability of eccentric binaries
2010 Polarization
IAU/IEEE - PSR/IEEE comparison
2010 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
1FGL
1st Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog
2010 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Separatrix layer model
The separatrix layer model uses force-free magnetospheres from simulations and restricts caustic emission to the layer near the current sheet along the boundary between closed and open field lines.
2010 Telescopes
LWA
Long Wavelength Array located in New Mexico, USA
2010 Telescopes
MWA
Murchison Widefield Array located in South Murchison, Australia
2010, 2015 Telescopes
SKA
Square Kilometre Array located in South Africa and Australia
2010 Receivers & Backends
FITS formats
Flexible Image Transport System
2011 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Striped wind current sheet model
The striped wind current sheet model places caustic emission beyond the light cylinder, in the thin undulating current sheet embedded in the relativistic wind outside the magnetosphere.
Reference: Petri (2011)
2011 Records
First γ-ray pulsar in a GC
Pulsar PSR J1823-3021A in NGC 6624
2011, 2013 Telescopes
LOFAR
Low Frequency Array with antenna stations in the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
2011 Software
DSPSR
Folding and dedispersion package for pulsar data.
2011 Databases & Data Releases
Fermi LAT Pulsar Catalogue
Gamma-ray pulsars, timing solutions, and spectral properties.
2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Surveys
HTRU-S
The High Time Resolution Survey - South
2012 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
2FGL
2nd Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog
2012 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Chandra Pulsar Survey
2012 Telescopes
MeerKAT
Array of sixty-four 13.5-m dishes located in South Africa

Size: 64 x 13.5 m

Country: South Africa

Visibility: -90, +40 deg

Receivers: UHF (580 - 1015 MHz)
L-band (900 - 1670 MHz)
S-band (1750 - 3500 MHz)

Pulsar Backends: ----

2012 Software
LIBSTEMPO
Python interface to the TEMPO2 timing engine.
2013, 2014, 2016 Search
AI and Machine Learning Candidate selection
2013 Polarization
ionFR
Code for modelling the ionospheric contribution to the Rotation Measure
2013 Polarization
Measurement Equation Template Matching (METM)
Calibration method based on a single observation of a reference pulsar
2013, 2016 Surveys
A0327
Arecibo All-sky 327 MHz Drift Pulsar Survey
2013 Surveys
GBT350
The Green Bank Telescope 350 MHz Drift-scan survey
2013 Surveys
PASURV
The Perseus Arm Pulsar Survey
2013 Timing
EPTA
The European Pulsar Timing Array and the Large European Array for Pulsars
2013 Timing
IPTA
The International Pulsar Timing Array
2013 Timing
NANOgrav
The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves
2013 Timing
PPTA
The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
Reference: Hobbs (2013)
2013 Timing
PPTA Data Release 1 (DR1)
2013, 2015 Formation
Ultra-stripped Type Ic Supernovae
2013 Records
Most Massive Pulsar Known
PSR J0348+0432
2013 Software
PEACE
Automated ranking of pulsar-search candidates using heuristic candidate features.
2013 Databases & Data Releases
NANOGrav 5-year Data Set
Public TOAs and timing models in TEMPO and TEMPO2 formats.
2014, 2018 Surveys
GBNCC
The Green Bank Northern Celestial Cap Pulsar Survey
2014 Surveys
LPPS
The LOFAR pilot surveys for pulsars and fast radio transients
2014 Gravity Tests
Pulsar-Black hole binaries
2014 Formation
Formation of eccentric pulsar-WD binaries
Via rotationally-delayed accretion-induced collapse (RDAIC)
Via the interaction of the binary with a circumstellar disk
2014 Software
PAL2
Bayesian pulsar-timing-array analysis and gravitational-wave inference.
2014 Software
PICCARD
Bayesian PTA timing and gravitational-wave analysis.
2014 Software
PSRPOPPy
Open-source Python package for pulsar population synthesis.
2014 Databases & Data Releases
HEASARC Pulsar Tables
X-ray and gamma-ray pulsar catalogues, survey tables, and mission products.
Reference: NASA HEASARC
2014 Planetary Ephemerides
DE430
Solar System Ephemeris
2014 Planetary Ephemerides
Structure and Kinematics of the Milky Way
2015 Timing
FD Model
Frequency-Dependent Profile Evolution
2015 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
3FGL
3rd Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog
2015 Records
Highest Frequency Detection of a Radio Pulsar
Magnetar SGR J1745-2900 detected at 225 GHz
2015 Records
Least Massive Neutron Star known
1.174 +/- 0.004 M$_\odot$ in the companion of PSR J0453+1559
2015 Records
Most eccentric binary pulsar known
2015 Telescopes
SRT
64-m single-dish telescope located in Sardinia, Italy

Size: 64 m

Country: Italy

Visibility: -40, +90 deg

Receivers: L-P (coaxial, 305-410 MHz and 1.3-1.8 GHz)
S-band (7-beam, 3-4.5 GHz)
C-band (5.7-7.7 GHz)
K-band (7-beam, 18-26 GHz)

Pulsar Backends: DFB3
LEAP (ROACH-1)
SARDARA (ROACH-2)

2015 Receivers & Backends
UWL
Ultra-Wideband Low-frequency at Parkes
2015 Receivers & Backends
ARTEMIS
LOFAR Software Backend
2015 Software
PICS
Image-based machine-learning classification of pulsar candidates.
2015 Software
PulsePortraiture
Frequency-dependent pulse-profile modelling and wideband TOA and DM estimation.
2015 Databases & Data Releases
LOFAR HBA Pulsar Census
Calibrated low-frequency profiles, dispersion measures, flux densities, and spectra for non-recycled pulsars.
2016 Timing
Binary Model DDFWHE
2016 Surveys
GHRSS
The GMRT High Resolution Southern Sky Survey for Pulsars and Transients
2016, 2023 Surveys
Multiwavelength Single Pulse Polarimetric Survey (MSPES)
Multiwavelength Single Pulse Polarimetric Survey with GMRT.
2016 Timing
EPTA Data Release 1 (DR1)
2016 Timing
IPTA Data Release 1 (DR1)
2016 Timing
LEAP
The Large European Array for Pulsars
2016 ISM & Galaxy
YMW16
New Electron Density model of the Milky Way, refinement of NE2001
2016 Receivers & Backends
Coherent dedispersion at GMRT
Pipeline used at the GMRT to do coherent dedispersion in real time
2016 Receivers & Backends
PSRIX
Effelsberg Backend
2016, 2018 Software
COBRA
Bayesian coherent multi-epoch pulsar searching package.
2016 Software
PYSLALIB
Python bindings for the SLALIB positional-astronomy library, used by pulsar tools.
2016 Software
TOASTER
Pulsar-search candidate management, inspection, and pipeline database system.
2016 Databases & Data Releases
LOFAR MSP Census
Flux-calibrated profiles and measurements for millisecond pulsars at 110-188 MHz.
2017, 2018 Surveys
SUPERB
The SUrvey for Pulsars and Extragalactic Radio Bursts
2017 ISM & Galaxy
Milky Way gravitational potential
Reference: McMillan (2017)
2017 Formation
Formation of double neutron star systems
2017 Records
Pulsar with highest NS birth mass
PSR J2222-0137
2017 Telescopes
CHIME
Reference: Ng (2017)
2017 Receivers & Backends
A Wideband Digital Back-End
uGMRT Backend
2017 Receivers & Backends
HIPSR
Parkes Backend
2017 Software
FFANCY
Fast Folding Algorithm pulsar searching package
2017 Software
HEIMDALL
GPU-accelerated dedispersion and single-pulse/transient search pipeline.
2017 Software
PYPULSE
Pure-Python PSRFITS reading, pulsar profile analysis, scintillation, and timing tools.
2018 Search
GPU FDAS
GPU-accelerated Fourier Domain Acceleration Search
2018 Records
Slowest Pulsar Known
Isolated pulsar PSR J0250+5854 (spin period of 23.535 s)
2018 Receivers & Backends
SARDARA
SRT Backend
2018 Software
ENTERPRISE
Bayesian pulsar timing, noise analysis, and nanohertz gravitational-wave inference.
2018 Software
ENTERPRISE_EXTENSIONS
Higher-level PTA models, frequentist statistics, and wrappers around ENTERPRISE.
2018 Software
ffaGo
Fast Folding Algorithm pulsar searching package
2018 Software
PSRQPY
Python interface for downloading, querying, and manipulating the ATNF Pulsar Catalogue.
2018 Software
PTMCMC_SAMPLER
MPI-enabled parallel-tempering Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampler widely used by ENTERPRISE.
2018 Software
CLFD
Versatile RFI mitigation tool by V. Morello.
2018 Databases & Data Releases
FRBCAT
FRB detections, observed properties, and discovery metadata; relevant to pulsar and single-pulse pipelines.
2019 Surveys
LOTAAS
The LOFAR Tied-Array All-Sky Survey
2019 Telescopes
NenuFAR

Country: France

Visibility: -10, +90 deg

Receivers: 10-85 MHz

Pulsar Backends: LUPPI

2019 Software
HASASIA
PTA sensitivity-curve calculation and forecasting.
2019 Databases & Data Releases
IPTA Data Release 2
Timing data and noise models for 65 millisecond pulsars.
2020 Records
Ultra-long-period pulsar PSR J0901-4046
PSR J0901-4046 has a 75.9 s rotation period, challenging existing expectations for neutron-star evolution and radio pulsar activity.
2020 Software
BAYESHOPPER
Trans-dimensional Bayesian searches for continuous gravitational waves in PTA data.
2020 Software
BAYESHOPPERBURST
Bayesian search for gravitational-wave bursts and burst-with-memory signals in PTA data.
Reference: Becsy & Cornish
2020 Software
CEFFYL
Rapid refitting and combination of PTA free-spectrum likelihoods.
2020 Software
FETCH
Neural-network classification of dispersed fast-radio-burst and single-pulse candidates.
2020 Software
RIPTIDE
Fast Folding Algorithm pulsar searching package
2020 Databases & Data Releases
Nancay/LOFAR LBA Pulsar Census
Profiles, flux densities, and dispersion measures at approximately 25-80 MHz.
2021 Software
gptool
uGMRT RFI filtering, bandshape correction, and data-quality analysis.
2021 Software
PINT
Modern pure-Python pulsar timing package; PINT is not TEMPO3.
2021 Software
PINTA
InPTA/uGMRT data-reduction pipeline for RFI excision, dedispersion, and folding into PSRFITS.
2021 Software
RFICLEAN
Fourier-domain periodic RFI detection and excision, used by PINTA.
2021 Databases & Data Releases
MeerTime Thousand Pulsar Array Census
MeerKAT integrated profiles, polarimetry, rotation measures, and population measurements.
2022 Software
CANDIDATE_FILTERS
Candidate post-processing and machine-learning utilities used in modern surveys.
2022 Databases & Data Releases
InPTA Data Release 1
uGMRT timing data, TOAs, and timing models for InPTA millisecond pulsars.
2022 Databases & Data Releases
MeerTime MSP Census
PSRFITS integrated profiles for MeerKAT-observed millisecond pulsars.
2023 Software
PULSARX
High-performance GPU pulsar searching, acceleration searching, and folding.
2023 Software
VELA.jl
Bayesian pulsar timing and noise modelling written in Julia.
2023 Databases & Data Releases
CPTA Data Release 1
FAST timing data for the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array.
Reference: Xu et al. (2023)
2023 Databases & Data Releases
EPTA Data Release 2
Up to 24.7 years of European PTA timing data, including combinations with InPTA DR1.
2023 Databases & Data Releases
MeerKAT PTA Data Release 1
First 2.5 years of timing data for the MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array.
2023 Databases & Data Releases
NANOGrav 15-year Data Set
Narrowband and wideband TOAs, timing models, noise files, and reproducibility software for 68 MSPs.
2023 Databases & Data Releases
MSPES database
Database of the Multiwavelength Single Pulse Polarimetric Survey.
Reference: MSPES database
2023 Databases & Data Releases
PPTA Data Release 3
Parkes timing data and noise models for millisecond pulsars.
2024 Software
LA_FOG
Likelihood approximation and PTA gravitational-wave analysis utilities.
2024 Software
PTARCADE
ENTERPRISE-based framework for new-physics searches using PTA likelihoods.
Reference: Mitridate et al.
2025 Software
FASTFOLD
GPU-oriented folding and candidate-analysis tools for large pulsar surveys.
2026 Databases & Data Releases
MeerTime Single-Pulse Data Set
Search-mode single-pulse observations of 1,192 pulsars, typically containing roughly 1,000 consecutive pulses per source.
? Software
BINARY_GAZER
A program for planning observations of specific orbital phases of binary pulsars
? Software
COAST_GUARD
Pulsar archive data reduction package
? Software
DRACULA
Automatic timing solution finder
? Software
PEASOUP
C++/CUDA GPU pulsar searching library
? Software
PRESTO_ON_GPU
Pulsar searching package - GPU accelerated
? Software
PSRALEX
Pulsar archive data reduction package
? Software
PSRFITS_UTILS
Folding, dedispersion, subbanding, merging of PSRFITS files
? Software
PSRPOP
Pulsar population synthesis
? Software
PYRISESET
A program for computing rise/set times of pulsars
? Software
PYSOLATOR
Orbital motion remover
? Software
SIGPYPROC
Python-based pulsar search data manipulation package
? Software
SPIDER_TWISTER
Orbital phase search
Ongoing Databases & Data Releases
CSIRO Australia Telescope Online Archive
Raw and processed Parkes, ASKAP, and ATCA observations after applicable proprietary periods.
Ongoing Databases & Data Releases
FAST Data Centre
Public FAST pulsar survey and timing products released by individual projects.
Ongoing Databases & Data Releases
MeerTime Public Data Portal
Folded profiles for 1,271 pulsars, MSP census products, and public MeerTime releases.
Ongoing Databases & Data Releases
Zenodo Pulsar Data Collections
Versioned profile, timing, single-pulse, and survey datasets associated with publications.
Reference: Zenodo
2005 (2005) Books
Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy
Authors: D. R. Lorimer and Michael Kramer
2012 (1990) Books
Pulsar Astronomy
Authors: Andrew Lyne and Francis Graham-Smith
2016 (2016) Books
Essential Radio Astronomy
Authors: James J. Condon and Scott M. Ransom
2009 (2008) Books
Clocks in the Sky: The Story of Pulsars
Authors: Geoff McNamara
Reference: Springer
2009 (1986) Books
Tools of Radio Astronomy
Authors: Thomas L. Wilson, Kristen Rohlfs, and Susanne Hüttemeister
Reference: Springer
2009 (1993) Books
Physics of the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: A. V. Gurevich, V. S. Beskin, and Ya. N. Istomin
1985 (1985) Books
Radiative Processes in Astrophysics
Authors: George B. Rybicki and Alan P. Lightman
1983 (1983) Books
Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects
Authors: Stuart L. Shapiro and Saul A. Teukolsky
1997 (1997) Books
Compact Stars: Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics and General Relativity
Authors: Norman K. Glendenning
Reference: Springer
2007 (2007) Books
Neutron Stars 1: Equation of State and Structure
Authors: P. Haensel, A. Y. Potekhin, and D. G. Yakovlev
Reference: Springer
2019 (2019) Books
The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars
Authors: Luciano Rezzolla, Pierre Pizzochero, David Ian Jones, Nanda Rea, and Isaac Vidaña
Reference: Springer
1971 Radio Emission Mechanism
A Model of Pulsars
Radio emission theory; pair plasma and pulsar magnetosphere model.
Reference: Sturrock (1971)
1977 ISM & Galaxy
Interstellar scattering and scintillation
Classic synthesis of radio-wave propagation through the turbulent ionized interstellar medium.
Reference: Rickett (1977)
1981 ISM & Galaxy
Density power spectrum in the local interstellar medium
ISM turbulence; electron-density fluctuation spectrum.
1982 Radio Emission Mechanism
Electromagnetic cascades in pulsars
Pair cascades above polar caps; important for magnetospheric plasma production.
1987 ISM & Galaxy
Radio caustics from localized interstellar medium plasma structures
ISM plasma lensing; refractive caustics.
1990 ISM & Galaxy
Radio propagation through the turbulent interstellar plasma
Major review of scintillation, scattering, angular broadening and pulse broadening.
Reference: Rickett (1990)
1991 ISM & Galaxy
The galactic distribution of free electrons
Early Galactic free-electron model used for pulsar distances.
1993 ISM & Galaxy
Pulsar distances and the Galactic distribution of free electrons
Taylor-Cordes electron-density model; standard before NE2001.
1995 ISM & Galaxy
Electron density power spectrum in the local interstellar medium
Evidence for a broad, approximately Kolmogorov spectrum of electron-density fluctuations.
2000 Radio Emission Mechanism
The Spark-associated Soliton Model for Pulsar Radio Emission
Coherent curvature radiation by solitons in pulsar plasma.
2001 ISM & Galaxy
Faint scattering around pulsars
Secondary-spectrum arcs as probes of scattering geometry and AU-scale interstellar structure.
2003 ISM & Galaxy
Scintillations and Levy Flights through the Interstellar Medium
Non-Gaussian scattering statistics for ISM propagation.
2004 Radio Emission Mechanism
Curvature Radiation in Pulsar Magnetospheric Plasma
Coherent curvature radiation in pair plasma.
2007 ISM & Galaxy
Using pulsar scintillation to probe AU-size structure in the interstellar medium
Scintillation arcs and AU-scale ISM structure.
2010 Polarization
Polarization changes of pulsars due to wave propagation through magnetospheres
Magnetospheric propagation effects on observed pulsar polarization.
2016 ISM & Galaxy
Real-time detection of an extreme scattering event
Constraints on Galactic plasma lenses from an extreme scattering event.
2018 Radio Emission Mechanism
Relativistic charge solitons from non-linear Landau damping
Candidate explanation for coherent radio emission in pulsars.
2020 Radio Emission Mechanism
Pulsar radio emission mechanisms: a critique
Critical review of coherent curvature, plasma and anomalous Doppler emission models.
2021 Radio Emission Mechanism
Radio Emission by Soliton Formation in Hot Streaming Pair Pulsar Plasmas
Soliton formation in hot streaming pair pulsar plasmas.
2021 ISM & Galaxy
Morphology of solar system scale plasma lenses in the interstellar medium
Tests plasma-lens morphology using pulsar scintillation parabolic arcs.
2023 ISM & Galaxy
The Galactic distribution of pulsar scattering and the tau-DM relation
Galactic scattering distribution and the pulse-broadening versus DM relation.
2024 ISM & Galaxy
Scattering model of scintillation arcs in pulsar secondary spectra
Physical model of scintillation arcs.
2024 ISM & Galaxy
Galactic Electron Density Structure from Pulsar Sightlines Intersecting H II Regions
H II regions and anomalous pulsar DMs/scattering.
2025 Radio Emission Mechanism
Pulsar radio emission mechanism II
Charged solitons and coherent curvature radiation.
1969 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Discovery of Optical Signals from Pulsar NP 0532
First optical pulsations from a pulsar; pulsars are multiwavelength emitters.
1981 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
An X-ray pulsar in SNR G109.1-1.0
X-ray pulsar associated with supernova remnant G109.1-1.0.
2002 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Magnetar-like X-ray bursts from an anomalous X-ray pulsar
Evidence linking anomalous X-ray pulsars with soft gamma repeaters.
2009 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
A radio pulsar/X-ray binary link
Observational link between a radio millisecond pulsar and an X-ray binary state.
2009 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Detection of 16 Gamma-Ray Pulsars Through Blind Frequency Searches Using the Fermi LAT
Blind gamma-ray periodicity searches discovered pulsars without prior radio timing.
2009 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
A Population of Gamma-Ray Millisecond Pulsars Seen with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
Established recycled millisecond pulsars as a substantial gamma-ray source population.
2015 Databases & Data Releases
The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set
Observations, arrival-time measurements and analysis of 37 millisecond pulsars.
2016 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Magnetar-like activity from PSR J1119-6127
A high-magnetic-field radio pulsar produced magnetar-like bursts and an outburst.
2016 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Magnetar-like X-ray Bursts from a Rotation-powered Pulsar, PSR J1119-6127
Rotation-powered pulsar PSR J1119-6127 showed magnetar-like X-ray bursts.
2017 X-ray / Gamma-Ray
Optical pulsations from a transitional millisecond pulsar
Optical pulsations from a transitional millisecond pulsar.
2018 Databases & Data Releases
The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set
High-precision timing of 45 millisecond pulsars.
2021 Planetary Ephemerides
The JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE440 and DE441
Updated JPL planetary and lunar ephemerides.
2021 Databases & Data Releases
The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Observations and Narrowband Timing
Narrowband timing data for 47 millisecond pulsars.
2021 Databases & Data Releases
The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Wideband Timing
Wideband timing data for 47 millisecond pulsars.
2021 Databases & Data Releases
The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array second data release: timing analysis
Timing analysis for the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array second data release.
2024 Records
A pulsar in a binary with a probable mass-gap companion
Compact companion with inferred mass between typical neutron-star and black-hole masses.
2013 Records
PSR J0738-4042 spin-down and profile change
Long-term change in spin-down and pulse profile, plausibly interpreted as interaction with infalling asteroid material.
2004 Records
First double-pulsar system
PSR J0737-3039A/B is the first and still uniquely established double-pulsar system with both neutron stars detected as radio pulsars.
2014 Records
First pulsar in a stellar triple system
PSR J0337+1715 is a millisecond pulsar orbited by two white-dwarf companions.
2016 Records
First recognized white-dwarf pulsar
AR Scorpii has a white-dwarf spin period of about 117 seconds and a dominant beat period of about 118 seconds.
2011 Records
PSR J1841-0500 long-term intermittency
Intermittent pulsar that ceased detectable radio emission for about 580 days before reappearing.
2006 Records
Prototype intermittent pulsar
PSR B1931+24 is typically detectable for roughly 5 to 10 days and undetectable for roughly 25 to 35 days.
2008 Records
PSR J1903+0327 eccentric millisecond-pulsar binary
Approximately 2.15 ms pulsar in a highly eccentric 95-day binary orbit with a roughly solar-mass main-sequence companion.
2010 Records
First Einstein@Home pulsar discovery
PSR J2007+2722 was discovered through Einstein@Home volunteer distributed computing.
2012 Records
First millisecond pulsar from a blind gamma-ray search
PSR J1311-3430 is a black-widow binary found through a blind gamma-ray pulsation search.
2020 Software
ugmrt2fil
Converts uGMRT raw data files to SIGPROC filterbank format.
2020 Software
DMCalc
Python script that estimates the dispersion measure of wide-band pulsar data in PSRFITS format.
2020 High Energy Emission Mechanism
SGR 1935+2154 radio bursts across seven orders of magnitude
Follow-up detections showed that a Galactic magnetar can emit radio bursts ranging from weak events to FRB-like energies, strongly supporting the magnetar-FRB connection.
2023 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Vela Pulsar emission reaching 20 TeV
H.E.S.S. detected a new pulsed gamma-ray component extending to at least 20 TeV, demonstrating extreme particle acceleration and challenging standard high-energy pulsar emission models.
2023 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Global kinetic simulation of pulsar electric gaps and radio-wave excitation
First-principles plasma simulations produced self-consistent electric gaps, electron-positron discharges and escaping electromagnetic modes with properties relevant to pulsar radio emission.
2024 High Energy Emission Mechanism
Detailed Crab Pulsar very-high-energy emission with LST-1
LST-1 characterized the pulse peaks, bridge emission and phase-resolved spectrum from roughly 20 GeV to several hundred GeV, refining constraints on pulsar high-energy emission models.